SUMMARY OF THE SECOND CHAPTER : SOIL TESTS FOR HIGHWAY PURPOSES

SUMMARY OF THE SECOND CHAPTER : SOIL TESTS FOR HIGHWAY PURPOSES

Soil engineering is vital within civil engineering. The properties of a soil influence and affect a structure when being built and as a result the soil must be tested before designing

We end this chapter of "soil tests for highway purposes" with our 8 posted tests , and our next stop is " Mix Design of Concrete ACI 211"

A minor reminder of what the posted tests in this photo 

test#13 Soundness of aggregate ASTM c - 88

Test #13 Soundness of aggregate by sodium sulfate ASTM C - 88

This test method covers the testing of aggregates to estimate their soundness when subjected to weathering action in concrete by repeated immersion in saturated solution of sodium or magnesium followed by oven drying 

Test#11 Fineness Modulus

Determination of fitness modulus on fine aggregate (AASHTO M6)

Fitness Modulus results from a calculation on using data from a sieve analysis. The sieves used for sand are typically  the 0.15mm (No.100) 0.30 (No.50) , 0.60mm(No. 30 ) , 1.18mm (No.16) , 2.36mm (No.8) and the 4.75mm (No.4)

Test#8: Coal And Lignite (AASHTO T 113) Lightweight pieces in aggregate ASTM C123

Coal & Lignite ( AASHTO T 113 ) Lightweight pieces in aggregateASTM C123
This test method covers the determination of the percentage of light weight pieces in aggregate  by mean of sink float separation in a heavy liquid of suitable specific gravity 

Test#7: Flakiness And Elongation in accordance to BS 812-1975

Test#7 : Flakiness and Elongation in accordance to BS 812-1975
-This test method describes of the flakiness index of coarse aggregates that are classified as flaky when they have a thickness  less than 0.6 of their mean size.-This test method also describes the determination of the elongation of the coarse aggregates that are classified as elongated when they have a length of more than 1.8 of their mean sieve size

Test#6: Organic Impurities in Sand ( AASHTO T21/ASTM C40)

Organic impurities in sand (AASHTO T21/ASTM C40)
The method provides a good estimate of this type of organic matter , and when the soil contains only this type, it can also provide a good estimate of the total organic content.However the reagents used to react only very slightly with fresh plant materials such as wood , roots , and weed tops etc.., or with hydrocarbons , charcoal, lignite, coal and the organic remains in ancient sediments. If such materials are present, and the total organic matter is to be determined , then the "LOSS ON IGNITION" T 267 method must be used 

Test#5: Los Angeles abrasion test in accordance with ( AASHTO T96-ASTM C 131)

 Los Angeles  abrasion test in accordance  with (  AASHTO  T 96 - ASTM C 131 )

This method covers the procedure for testing crushed rock, slag and gravel and uncrushed gravel for resistance to abrasion using the Los Angeles testing machine .The Los Angeles Rattler test is a measure of degradation of mineral aggregates of standard gradings resulting from a combination of actions including abrasion or attrition,impact,and grinding in a rotating steel drum containing a specified number of steel spheres (dependent upon the test sample"s grading).
As the drum rotates , a shelf plate picks up the sample and the steel spheres, carrying them around until they are dropped to the opposite side of the drum,causing an impact-crushing effect.The contents then roll withi the drum with an abrading and grinding action until the shelf plate impacts and the cycle is repeated.After the prescribes number of revolutions,the contents are removed from the drum and the aggregate portion is sieved to measure the degradation as percent loss.

Test#4: Moisture Content

Total Moisture Content Af Aggregate By Drying   ASTM  C 566 -89

This test method covers the determination of the percentage of evaporable moisture in a sample of aggregates by drying in hardened concrete

Test#3 Specific Gravity

Test #3: Water Absorption For(Coarse Agg.-Medium Agg.-Crushed Sand-Natural Sand)

            Specific gravity & Absorption & Dry rod mass (ASTM C 642 -90 -AASHTO T 19M-93)

This test  method covers the determination of specific gravity & percentage  of absorption & dry rod mass of Fine & Coarse aggregates